Chapter2
Thepsychometric-structuralistapproachtolanguagetesting
By张乐IntroductionApproachestolanguagetesting:1.thetraditionaloressay-translationapproach2.thepsychometric-structuralistapproach3.theintegrativeapproach4.thecommunicativeapproachIntroductionthetraditionaloressay-translationapproachpre-scientific,consistingofessaywriting,translation,grammaticalanalysis,theaimoflanguageteaching≠communication,subjectivejudgment,noobjectivecriteriaIntroductionPsychometrics--earlyinthe20thcentury--intelligenceandlanguageproficiency--aframeworkfornorm-referencedtest常模参照测试--basedontheassumptionofnormaldistribution正态分布ofscoresandofmaximizingthedifferencesbetweentesttakers--features:p25--thelevelandrangeofitemdifficultyanddiscriminationIntroductionStructurallinguistics1.theGenevaschool2.Americanstructuralism3.theCopenhagenlinguisticcircle哥本哈根学派4.contextualism语境学派5.thePragueschool布拉格学派IntroductionSaussure--thefatherandpioneerofstructuralism--languageisarelationalsystemofformal--theinternalrelationsoflanguage,noneedtoresorttopsychologyorthesocialscience--basicassumptions:p27IntroductionAmericanstructuralismSapirandBloomfieldBloomfielderaanddistrubitionalismAgraphicandverbalpresentationofthepsychometric-structuralistapproachtolanguagetestingp30Language--aninstrumentofcommunication(LadoandHarris)--structuralandcontextualignored(theoreticallyinsignificant,lesspracticallymanageable)Agraphicandverbalpresentationofthepsychometric-structuralistapproachtolanguagetestingAnalysis--languageproficiencyisdivisible--fourmodes:listening,speaking,reading,andwriting--phonemes(speechsound),graphemes(writin
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